"TRANSATLANTIC ALLIANCE (!) IN CLIMATE CHANGE"
It is said that there is a conflict rather than cooperation between the Europe (EU) and US with respect to climate change policy. Before mentioning the Bush administration’s policies on the climate change and the great decline of multilateral approach in a post-9/11 world, I think we need to go in detailed analysis of transatlantic relations about climate change with a historical perspective. In general we can see that both side tend to blame other side, On the US side EU was seen as not having a real intention of taking serious action and on the EU side US was seen as an immoral entity, evading its responsibility to address climate change. The US and EU have disagreed significantly since climate change first emerged as a political issue in 1988. The first round of negotiations lasted from 1988 to 1992 resulted with United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and in October 1992 in Rio Summit, the US became the first industrialized country to ratify the convention. In 1995, US accepted the so-called Berlin Mandate, which found that the ‘commitments’ in the UNFCCC were inadequate and that an additional legal instrument-ultimately the Kyoto Protocol- was necessary. Nevertheless, US-EU relations continued to be marked by conflict. The EU wanted the new agreement to require significant emission reductions, while the US was willing to accept, at most, a commitment to stabilize emissions and finally it is said that Kyoto Protocol represents a compromise between these two point of views. Most of the negotiations were about the ‘flexibility mechanisms’, The US wanted the flexibility mechanisms to be unfettered but EU, in contrast, sought to impose restrictions on the use of flexibility mechanisms. Different point of views tended to dominate the post-Kyoto negotiations. After The Hague conference at which the negotiations were scheduled to conclude the Bonn and Marrakech accords illustrated that a deal should have been possible, the Bush administration’s subsequent repudiation of the Kyoto Protocol rendered the issues moot. It is assumed that Europe wanted to use Kyoto to force the US to adopt the types of inefficient, costly energy policies that the EU had already undertaken as having a stronger environmental consciousness than Americans. In other words Americans tend to behave pragmatic whereas Europeans tend to behave moralistic. The difference between the two sides can be seen obviously in the negotiations about the ‘international emissions trading’. US side believed that they should be able to buy emissions reductions from abroad rather than making the reductions at home. In contrast, EU side tended to see the emissions trading debate as a moral issue, arguing that people in rich industrialized countries need to change their way of life. Lastly, I think we have to take into consideration that the post-9/11 era has affected the debate about the climate change policies like all other international linked policies. It is certain that US’s new foreign policy agenda do not have much concern about the climate change with comparison to the pre-9/11 era. National security and international terrorism became the most important topic for the Bush administration regarding the world politics. So we have to accept that climate change, notably the approval of Kyoto Protocol, lost its importance. We have to bear in our mind that this will last for a while until the national security is reached in the consideration of the US officials. On the other hand we can say that the debate about the climate change give EU the chance of to act as a leader in the international scope. We know that EU is regarded as the soft policy oriented actor of the world and I think we will see that again in the case of climate change negotiations. Lastly, although EU and US seem to behave in different even in opposite ways it is obvious that they will have to be acted in same line with each other in the near future in terms of global climate change and global warming. Nobody can deny that we will need a world to live…
A.Gökhan RAKICI
April 2005
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